The ultra-high frequency (UHF) technique offers significant advantages over the conventional partial discharge (PD) measurement method, particularly for online monitoring, 3D localization, and immunity against noise. However, its primary limitation lies in the challenge of calibration due to the impact of various factors such as PD source locations, antenna characteristics, and transformer structures including, active part and tank wall, on the received UHF signals. Currently established parameters such as signals peak-to-peak and energy of signals do not provide a meaningful correlation between received UHF signals strength and factors such as distance and antenna radiation pattern. Addressing these gaps, this paper introduces a novel parameter: the First arrived signal ((FAS)), derived from the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of UHF signals. Experimental results demonstrated the capability of the (FAS) to correlate meaningfully between signal strength and distance from the source, as well as antenna radiation pattern and polarization. The proposed parameter is then utilized to estimate conventional transferred charge using the received UHF signals. Results indicate promising estimation accuracy, particularly when electromagnetic waves directly reach the antenna. This approach offers the potential for a more precise estimation of conventional PD transferred charge, enhancing the capabilities of the UHF method in assessing insulation system health conditions.

Background: The (FAS) and (FAS)-Ligand ((FAS)L) system is an important apoptosis pathway in the liver. The (FAS)-mediated pathway functions by binding the (FAS)L on the activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Natural Killer (NK) cells to the (FAS) receptor on infected hepatocytes. (FAS) and (FAS)L polymorphisms, which are related to apoptosis, might influence the outcome of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection.Objectives: Thus, the present study aimed to determine if (FAS) and (FAS)L promoter polymorphisms are associated with the clinical outcome of HBV infection.Patients and Methods: DNA samples were obtained from the infected individuals including chronic carrier (n = 50), chronic hepatitis (n = 50), cirrhosis (n = 25), naturally recovered (n = 26) and compared with those of their matched healthy controls (n = 100). Genotyping for polymorphisms of (FAS)-670 A/G and -1377 G/A, and (FAS)L -844 C/T was performed using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays.Results: Multiple analyses for genetic association of (FAS) and (FAS)L polymorphisms were not statistically different between HBV patients (n = 125) and healthy controls (n = 100). However, genotype and allele frequencies of (FAS)L-844 C/T were significantly different between recovered individuals and patients with cirrhosis (P = 0.02 and P=0.01, respectively). Whereas, (FAS)-670A/G and -1377G/A polymorphisms were similarly distributed in these two groups (P = 0.8 and P = 0.47, respectively).Conclusions: The current study results showed that bearing -844T allele in (FAS)L promoter region has a protective effect on cirrhosis and is involved in recovery from infection. In conclusion, it is proposed that HBV infection outcome might be influenced by (FAS)L-844C/T polymorphism through alteration in apoptosis of hepatocytes.

Regulation of normal cell growth and turnover is balanced between cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis.A disruption of this balance is thought to be an important event leading to carcinogenesis One of the effectors molecules in apoptosis is (FAS) antigen. Cross linking of (FAS) by its ligand ((FAS) L) or agonistic anti (FAS) antibodies induces apoptosis of cells expressing (FAS) on the membrane by triggering cascade of caspaces. The aim of this research was to study the percent of expression of (FAS) antigen on bone marrow and peripheral blood cells in 100 patients suffering from acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemia by flow cytometry method. Sample was obtained at the time of diagnosis before antileukemic therapy. Expression of (FAS) antigen on normal control peripheral leukocytes was also analysed.From these data, it was found that (FAS) antigen is expressed in all cases, but the expression level varied widely.The percentage of (FAS) antigen expression in all of acute lymphoid leukemia samples was below 20%, but in acute myeloid leukemia samples, 8 out of 50 cases was above 20%. In normal control samples, the mean value for monocytes was higher than granulocytes and in granulocytes higher than lymphcytes.Expression of (FAS) antigen in most of the leukemic cells was low and the preliminary results showed that increase in (FAS) antigen expression above 20% after treatment, is a favorable prognostic sign associated with increase relapse free and total survival. Thus evaluation of this antigen before, during and after treatment is recommended.

Background: The precise responsible mechanism of pre-eclampsia remains controversial however, recent data suggest a main role of the abnormal activation of the adaptive immune system and Apoptosis. In this study, we have measured serum levels of (FAS)/(FAS)l as two important members of extrinsic apoptotic pathway in patient with pre-eclampsia. Methods: 207 participants including 99 pre-eclampsia patients and 108 age and sex-matched normal pregnant women were involved in the case-control study. Plasma sample from each participant was collected and stored at –, 20 ̊, C until batch processing. Serum levels of (FAS) and (FAS) ligand were measured by ELISA for each participant including 99 pre-eclampsia patients and 108 normal pregnant women. Following a test of statistical normality, nonparametric data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney. Results: s(FAS) levels in case group was significantly higher than controls,584 (397-892) pg/ml in cases opposed to 341 (213-602) pg/ml in controls (p value< 0. 01). s(FAS)L in pre-eclampsia women was a little lower than controls,255 (173-318) pg/ml and in case group compared to 265. 5 (184-381. 5) pg/ml in controls. Conclusions: We have found the increased levels of s(FAS) in patients with pre-eclampsia in compare with the healthy pregnant women. It seems that abnormality in s(FAS) is related with pre-eclampsia.

Degradation of rivers and the associated loss of biodiversity reduces ecosystem health and water quality. One of the best practical approaches to understand ecological status of a water body and determine impacts of human activities in reducing water quality is the use of benthic macroinvertebrates as evaluation tools for monitoring their biological integrity and health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health of Zarin Gol River using signal index. Macroinvertebrate samples were taken using Surber sampler (an area of 900 cm2) with 3 replicates in 4 sampling sites (upstream, entrance of fish farm, forest area) in winter and spring seasons on Zarin Gol River. The total number of abundance of macroinvertebrate were counted 1971 belonging to 8 order, 19 families. The result showed that signal index among all stations are same and lies in quadrant a. but signal 2 score result indicates that station 3 lies in quadrant b. In general, based on the results of the distribution of macroinvertebrates and biotic index, the influence of these factors on Zarin Gol river is quite evidence and the stations that were affected by a variety of effluents (2, 4) had undesirable conditions in the studied river.

Background: The (FAS)/(FAS) ligand ((FAS)L) system has been recognized as an important pathway for apoptosis induction in cells and tissues. It has recently been shown that skin lesions of pemphigus vulgaris are associated with (FAS) mediated apoptosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of serum soluble (FAS) of ten newly diagnosed patients with pemphigus vulgaris.Methods: Sera were collected from ten patients with pemphigus vulgaris.Commercial sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitative detection of soluble (FAS) was applied.Results: Patients with mucosal skin involvement had higher median values in contrast to patients with cutaneous involvement.Conclusion: Elevation of soluble (FAS) in our study may give insights for the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris. Suppression of this underlying mechanism may be an important target for novel therapies and relapse prevention.

Background: The (FAS) receptor/ligand system including soluble forms is the most important apoptotic initiator in the liver. Dysregulation of this pathway may contribute to abnormal cell proliferation and cell death and is regarded as one of the mechanisms preventing the immune system from rejecting the tumor cells.Objectives: To analyze the role of (FAS) system (FAS)/ (FAS) ligand ((FAS)/ (FAS)L) in the multi-step process of hepatic fibrosis/carcinogenesis, and to use of the serum markers as possible candidate biomarkers for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Patients and Methods: Ninety patients were enrolled: 30 cases of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) without cirrhosis, 30 cases of CHC with liver cirrhosis, and 30 cases of HCC and hepatitis V virus (HCV) infection. Ten wedge liver biopsies, taken during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were served as normal controls. Serum soluble (FAS) (s(FAS)) levels were measured using ELISA technique; (FAS) and (FAS)L proteins were detected in hepatic tissue by indirect Immuno-histochemical technique (IHC); electron microscopic (EM) and immune electron microscopic examinations were performed for detection of (FAS) expression on lymphocytes.Results: Hepatic expression of both (FAS) and (FAS)L as well as expression of (FAS) on separated lymphocytes were significantly increased in the diseased groups (P<0.01) compared to the control specimens. The highest expression was noticed in CHC specimens, particularly with the necro-inflammatory activity and advancement of the fibrosis. The s(FAS) in cirrhotic patients and HCC were significantly higher than that in normal controls and CHC without cirrhosis group (P<0.01).Conclusions: Apoptosis and the (FAS) system were significantly involved in the process of converting liver cirrhosis into hepatocellular carcinoma. Down-regulation of (FAS) expression, up regulation of (FAS)L expression in hepatocytes, and elevation of serum s(FAS) levels were important in tumor evasion from immune surveillance, and in hepatic carcinogenesis.